African Coups: A vicious cycle of instability and foreign influence

In the wake of the recent coup in Gabon, where the military leaders have freed President Ali Bongo from house arrest, we are once again confronted with the unfortunate reality of political turmoil in Africa. Coups, over the years, have left devastation in their wake, plunging nations into chaos, economic instability, and social unrest. Gabon’s coup is not an isolated incident, it is part of a broader pattern of power struggles and conflicts across the continent.

The coup in Gabon underscores the fragility of democratic processes in Africa. President Ali Bongo, who had been under house arrest since the military takeover, had faced a contested election in 2023, sparking tensions and disputes. His health had been a major concern after suffering a stroke in 2018. The military’s seizure of power shortly after his disputed election victory has only deepened the political crisis in the country.

Gabon’s coup is not unique in Africa. Over the past few years, several countries on the continent have witnessed military takeovers, further exacerbating regional instability. However, it is crucial to understand the broader context that has contributed to these coups and their implications for Africa’s future.

One of the most concerning trends is the increasing frequency of coups in West Africa. Guinea, in particular, has been a hotspot for political turmoil. Just over two years ago, on September 5, 2021, Guinea experienced a coup led by Colonel Mamady Doumbouya and his Special Forces Commanders, overthrowing President Alpha Conde. This coup followed another one in Mali in August 2020, highlighting a worrying trend in the region.

It is worth noting that many of these coups have occurred in former French colonies, raising questions about the legacy of French colonialism and its impact on Africa’s political landscape. The citizens of these countries have grown weary of economic underdevelopment, while political elites often enjoy opulent lifestyles, creating a stark disconnect between the rulers and the ruled.

The term “Francafrique,” first coined by Ivory Coast’s independence leader Félix Houphouët-Boigny in 1955, encapsulates this enduring problem. It reflects a system where African leaders maintain close ties with France, perpetuating neocolonial relationships. These leaders have often prioritized their interests over those of their citizens, deepening socio-economic inequalities.

However, these coups are not solely the result of internal grievances. They are increasingly becoming a battleground for global geopolitical rivalries. The changing dynamics of international politics, including the shifting balance of power between the East and the West, have played a significant role in fueling these “revolutions.”

While Africa must engage with both Western and Eastern powers, it should always prioritize its own interests. African nations must strive for genuine political and economic integration, following the vision of leaders like Kwame Nkrumah and Julius Nyerere. Integration offers the promise of prosperity, security, and fraternity for the continent.

Integration is essential because Africa continues to grapple with the plunder of its wealth. A 2017 report revealed that African countries received $162 billion in 2015, while $203 billion was siphoned away through illicit financial flows, tax evasion, and other means. This economic haemorrhage exacerbates poverty and hampers development.

The progress Africa has made in terms of regional integration is commendable. Initiatives like the Africa Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) hold great promise for the continent’s economic growth. However, these developments have not shielded Africa from political crises, as seen in Mali, Guinea, Burkina Faso, Niger, Chad, and Gabon.

Uganda’s President Yoweri Museveni has constantly expressed his reservations about coups as a means of political change. He argues for the importance of respecting the African Union’s guidelines against coups and urged disgruntled groups to pursue change through elections and peaceful means.

Africa’s challenges, be they political, economic, or security-related, require regional solutions. The African Union’s call for dialogue and negotiations is a step in the right direction. Military interventions may temporarily address crises but rarely offer lasting solutions.

Ethiopia’s ongoing civil war serves as another grim reminder of the complexities facing the continent. A multi-dimensional response that combines political cohabitation, diplomacy, and regional cooperation is essential. The African Union’s efforts to mediate and promote dialogue should be at the forefront of resolving such conflicts.

Africa stands at a critical juncture in its history. It must navigate the turbulent waters of global geopolitics while addressing internal challenges. The recurring coups and conflicts across the continent highlight the urgency of fostering political stability, economic growth, and unity among African nations. Africa’s path forward should prioritize the well-being and aspirations of its people above all else, breaking free from the chains of neo-colonialism and foreign interference.

It becomes increasingly evident that the continent’s future hinges on its ability to chart a course that empowers its citizens, promotes regional integration, and safeguards its sovereignty. Anything less would be a disservice to the generations that have fought for Africa’s liberation and independence.